Ineffective website design of the Suicide Prevention and Crisis Essay

Ineffective website design of the Suicide Prevention and Crisis Services of Yolo County - Essay Example The visitor cannot understand which sentences define the title or subtitles in the page. There are no images placed suitably with respect to the body of the text, which would leave the visitor wondering about the website’s owner as a whole. This is not only a lack of visual attractiveness but also a stark usability issue. A website designer must understand that visual aesthetics are related to usability rather than pompous presentation of the product. Websites that have good color balance, pictures and videos are more usable than â€Å"websites with unbalanced and poorly selected color schemes.†(2) Even if color schemes or quality of text are regarded as secondary issues, a modern website must be provided with useful pictures. As far as videos are concerned, community services must be based on credibility. Video links depicting the activities of the owner of the website provide increased credibility and understandability simultaneously (3). Disregard for these factors in the design of the website in question has led to serious compromise on quality as well as usability. With regard to the specific context of the website, there appears to be no significant content-related problems even after a careful scrutiny. The website has a number of links that helps the visitor to find various sorts of information to fulfill different purposes. So first of all, these basic qualities must be maintained if the website has to be redesigned as a whole. The owner of the website is socially active and it wants to make people aware of the negative effects of suicide ideation. Therefore, the community activities (e.g. a counseling session) of the organization can be photographed. Next, these photographs must be embedded in the webpage so that the visitor can understand the organization’s activities more clearly. With the help of social networking sites like Facebook, video sharing facilities can be provided to the

Environmental Statutes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Statutes - Research Paper Example The mission of the EPA is to safeguard and protect the natural environment, water, air and land (SBA.Gov, n.d). I work with a Pesticide Ingredients Production company, and it is one of the businesses highly subjected to the environmental laws; one of them being the Clean Water Act (1972). This Act is enforced by the United States EPA (Environment Protection Agency). The Clean Water Act (CWA) provides the fundamental structure for controlling discharges of pollutants into the clean waters and regulates the quality standards for surface waters (SBA.Gov, n.d). My employer through the help of the EPA offers the environmental pollution prevention and the compliance information to employees. This way the employees learn the importance of avoiding the emissions of hazardous wastes and discharge into the water bodies which would pose a danger to the plants, humans, and plants survival. The employer also has a special permit from the EPA so as to allow discharge of the industry’s harmless wastes into the nearby river. The wastes are first purified to ensure that no harmful substance is released into the water body. Most of industries and businesses all over the world complain about the environmental laws as they claim that they are too restrictive. This is true as these regulations cost the Pesticide Ingredients Production Company its profits, and its precious time and effort (SBA.Gov, n.d). For the wastes to be purified it requires the employer to put in place expensive and highly advanced machines to comply with the Clean Water Act. It also costs the employer a lot of money and other resources in the training of the employees on how to operate these high technology machines. Therefore, as much as the environmental regulation rules and regulations are for a better cause; they mean extra efforts, time, energy, and costs to the businesses they affect. They are thus a hindrance to some of the

Islamic Finance Issues With Securitization

Islamic Finance Issues With Securitization Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Allah has created people to know Him and worship Him, in observance of His due lordship and divinity. That is why Islam made devotion to Allah the primary requirement of a Muslim after the two witnesses [of No God but Allah, and Mohammad is His Prophet]. Transactions are part of the religious issues that a Muslim performs for the sake of Allah Most High. Every Muslim was keen on having the best conduct in transacting within their effort to get closer to Allah Most High, and to fulfill the best life structure for mankind (Does He who created not know, while He is the Subtle, the Acquainted?)[1]. One of the distinctive characteristics of the nature of transactions, and economy in general and Islamic economy in particular, was its ability to expand, renovate and develop. It has unique flexibility that can accommodate new issues and questions revolving about the needs of people, or the requirements of their transactions. Financial transactions are one of the most important aspects of daily life. They are increasingly active and developing. The forms of doing such transactions are renewed and developed in accordance with modern life activity. One of the latest and most prominent developments was the appearance of securitization process among the financial organizations worldwide. Lots of discussion is held at present about securitization, which means the conversion of illiquid assets to financial papers. In reality, securitization is a modern financial instrument that had initially started in the US, in particular. Many American banks worked hard to securitize their debts. Even though securitization originated in the Western World, Islam does not prohibit us from benefiting from non-Muslim inventions, so long as these inventions do not contradict with the basics of Islamic law and its roots. Interestingly, Islam was ahead of the West in using the securitization as a document to prove some right. Al-Nawawi discussed this issue, and declared As-Sukak Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃ‚ §Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ is a plural of Sak Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ ; it is a written document in proof of a debt. The plural can also be Sukuk Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ . It refers to the document issued by a guardian ordering provisions, of food or others, to entitled holde rs. The holder may sell this document to others before getting the prescribed provisions (Al-Nawawi, Abu-Zakariyya Yahya M. 1971) [43]. In securitization, special purpose company is one of the important components of such process. This type of company appears with the securitization process, and plays a critical role in that process. Accordingly, in this dissertation the researcher endeavors to know the legal position of such a company and to identify the legal Islamic ruling related to such a company based on its nature, function and relationship with other components of the securitization process. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This topic has its own scientific and practical importance from a scientific perspective. The special purpose company (SPC) is still a hot topic under discussion. The major issue relates to its legal position in the Islamic law. There are still controversy around its nature and function. Securitization is one of the troubling issues around the world. From a practical perspective, the researcher posits that the concept of securitization in general and special purpose company in particular has entered all aspects of economic and societal life, while related transactions have spread in many countries, and hence become part-and-parcel of some banking financial instruments . Accordingly, knowledge of the concept of this type of company and its function becomes a communal obligation on every Muslim. Muslims should be well informed about such type of companies. If they are legally permissible, then he can deal with them with confidence; otherwise, a Muslim should turn away from such a company so long as he has the option. In case Muslims find that they are legally prohibited and find themselves forced to deal with them, the least they can do is express their discontent of such sort of companies or hold an ideology of rejecting them. This process of inquiry into business-related legal matters is a must in a Muslim’s life. This commitment cannot happen without the knowledge of the Islamic position of everything a Muslim deals with in his/her life, even where he/she does not have the option. THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research question lies down in presenting the concept of the special purpose company, and shows its impact on the issuance of Islamic financial products and more specifically Sukuk. The researcher will try in this dissertation to answer the following questions: First: What is the special purpose company, and what are the reasons behind its appearance? Second: What are the characteristics of the special purpose company, and what are its types? Third: What is securitization, its pillars and importance? Fourth: What is the importance of the special purpose company in the securitization process? Fifth: What function does the special purpose company play in the securitization process and the structuring of Islamic Financial products? Sixth: What is the legal jurisprudence and Shari’ah objective position on the special purpose company? THE GOALS OF THE STUDY In accordance with the above, I have selected this topic in order to achieve certain goals, the most important of which are: To show the concept of the special purpose company and the reasons behind its emergence. To expose the characteristics of the special purpose company and its types. To exert best effort to research the concept of the securitization process, and show its importance and major financing components. To show the importance of the special purpose company in the securitization process. To present the jurisprudential position and Shari’ah objectives of the special purpose company (SPC) in modern Islamic finance products structuring. PREVIOUS STUDIES As the topic is still rather new, I could not put my hands on some in-depth scientific research on the subject, except some on securitization and SPV in general. The most important of these studies were: Al-Tawreeq wa Mada Ahmmiyatahu fi Dhil Qanoon Al-Rahn Al-Aqari [Translated as: Securitization and its importance in relation to the real estate mortgage] (Al-Hijazi, Obaid Ali Ahmad 2001) [44]. The author defined securitization, its components, development and importance. The author has briefly revealed the role of special purpose companies in the securitization process. The dissertation was limited to some restricted real estate application and lacks the Shari’ah viewpoint. Dawr Al-Sukuk Al-Islamiyah Fi Tamweel Al-Mashroo’at Al-Tanmawiyah [Translated as: The role of Islamic Sukuk in financing development projects] ( Mohammed Saleh and Fath- Al-Rahman Ali, 2008),. This research, presented at the Islamic Banking Symposium, covered the concept of Islamic securitization and its role in mobilizing financial resources in order to finance development projects. It also covered the risks inherited in these sukuk and how to manage them. The author has briefly touched on the relationship arrangement among the parties to these Sukuk. The dissertation was more specific to the Sukuk from Shari’ah viewpoint and did not discuss the SPV role in these structures. Al-Tawriq wa Baqiyat Adawat Al-Suyoolah li-sook Al-Islamiyah [Securitization and the rest of liquidity instruments for Islamic market] (Mala’ekah, Saleh 2005). This study has touched on the concept of securitization and its Islamic ruling. It has further touched on the role of Al-Tawfeeq and Al-Ameen companies in the field of mutual funds securitization. At the end of the study, the researcher elaborated on some of the securitization problems. The study lacks in-depth analysis to the modern practice in today’s contemporary Islamic banking products. Al-Sukuk Al-Isalamiyah wa Tatbeeqatiha Al-Moa’sirah wa Tadawuliha [Islamic Securitization, and its modern applications and trading] (Muheisen, Fouad Mohammed Ahmad 2009). The researcher expounded therein on the securitization concept, its goals, motives, and the jurisprudential rules for contemporary securitization process together with its Islamic legal controls. Also, the researcher showed the parties to securitization process, and made a comparison between the traditional securitizations and Islamic ones but lacks the analysis of the SPV role in the Sukuk Structures. Al-Taskik wa Dawruhu fi Sooq Maliyah Islamiyah [Securitization and its role in the development of an Islamic Financial Market] (Bani Amer, Zaherah Ali Mohammed 2008). In this study, the researcher elaborated on the concept of international markets and traditional securitization and its components. The researcher also presented Islamic securitization in a good way in this study. 1.5.1 What makes this study different? In general, previous studies were concerned with historical precedence, details and comments on the securitization process in order to understand its nature, and made a comparison between traditional and Islamic securitization. No study has dealt with the concept of the special purpose company, whether from a conceptual and advantageous perspective or from jurisprudential perspective in relation to other parties to the securitization process in contemporary Islamic Finance. This dissertation is different from previous studies on the following grounds: In terms of completeness, this dissertation is more comprehensive and has covered the shortfalls in some of the previous studies, by handling the concept of the special purpose company, its characteristics and nature. In terms of categorization, this dissertation presented different layout of the research components so as to accommodate the Islamic legal position together with the jurisprudential referencing for the special purpose company, in terms of its relationship with other parties to the securitization process, which is common among countries where this structure is being practiced at present. That would make this dissertation very distinctive from other previous studies. 1.6 Methodology This dissertation assumed an inductive research method in data collection. Further, the dissertation assumed the analytical method for investigation, presentation and formulation, all the way through the conclusion about the concept of the special purpose company and its impact on securitization. 1.7 The Research Plan This dissertation covered an introduction, five chapters and the conclusion chapter six. CHAPTER ONE: Introduction: It covered the importance of this dissertation, its objectives, methodology, previous studies and the research plan. CHAPTER TWO: The Company Literature: The Company in Islamic Jurisprudence and Man-made Law. It falls into two parts: Part One: The Concept of Company in Islamic Jurisprudence Section One: The Definition of Company Section Two: Legality of a Company Section Three: Categories of Companies: Communal Companies, Property Companies, and Contractual Companies Part Two: The Concept of Company in the Man-made Law Section One: The Company by Its General Concept Section Two: The Company by Its Objective Section Three: The Company by Its Business and Activities Section Four: The Company by Its Relationship to Other Companies CHAPTER THREE: SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY (SPC) ROLE IN FINANCE: What is the Special Purpose Company and Its role in finance? It falls into two parts: Part One: Definition of the Special Purpose Company, Its Development and Reasons behind Its Appearance Section One: Definition of Special Purpose Company Section Two: Development of Special Purpose Company Section Three: Reasons behind the Appearance of Special Purpose Company, and the Need for It Part Two: Characteristics of Special Purpose Company, and Its Types Section One: Types of Special Purpose Company Section Two: Nature of Special Purpose Company and Its Characteristics Section Three: The Accounting Process for the Special Purpose Company CHAPTER FOUR: LEGAL AND SHARI’AH FRAMEWORK FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY IN ISLAMIC FINANCE: It explains the Securitization Process and the Importance of Special Purpose Company for Securitization in contemporary Islamic Finance. It covers six parts: Part One: The Concept of Securitization Part Two: The Pillars of Securitization, Its Importance and Components Part Three: Types of Securitization and Comparison between the Traditional Model and Islamic Model in Security Issuance Part Four: Reasons and Prospects of Securitization Part Five: Legal Dimension (Techniques) and Accounting Dimension of Securitization Part Six:Importance of Special Purpose Company in Securitization CHAPTER FIVE: SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY (SPC) IN SUKUK STRUCTURING: The Relationship between the Special Purpose Company and Sukuk Structuring and other pertinent rulings. It falls into two parts: Part One: The Function of Special Purpose Company in Traditional Securitization, and the Process of Islamic Securitization Section One: The Function of a Special Purpose Company When Established in the Form of a Company Section Two: The Function of a Special Purpose Company When Established in the Form of Mutual Fund Section Three: The Function of a Special Purpose Company When Established in the Form of financing Contract Based on Trust Part Two: Jurisprudential Documentation of Special Purpose Company Section One: Relationships Documentation between Parties to Securitization Section Two: Legal Controls for the Special Purpose Company in Securitization Section Three: Proposed Model of Special Purpose Company in Securitization Process CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMNEDATIONS, AND FUTURE OUTLOOK: This chapter covers the most important conclusions and recommendations. I would like to point out that any human effort is characterized by flaws and imperfections. Perfection belongs only to the Divine. Anything that is true in my writing must have come from the Gracious Lord alone; whatever flaws committed must have come from myself and the devil I ask God Most High to accept this effort as sincere for His own sake. I ask God as well to make out any shortage and fix any flaw. He is the best sponsor and best supporter. May Allah take us by our good faith and intention! He is the source of success, and all praise is due to Him. [1] Quran. Surat Al-Mulk (67:14)

Was there really a revolution in Germany in 1918? Discuss :: essays research papers fc

A revolution is a complete overthrow of an established government or political system, which means that the events occurring in Germany in 1918 didn’t constitute a revolution. Groups changed in and out of power, but in the end it was always one group ruling over the people, just as the Kaiser had. The Social Democrats, a right-wing political group, eventually took his place, using the Freikorps to control people. The Spartacists wanted a revolution exactly like that in Russia in the previous year, but they were never allowed the chance to come into great power. And so the governmental and social system remained fairly similar to that of the Kaiser’s rule. The general public of Germany had never had any say in political matters; they allowed the Kaiser to make all the decisions regarding themselves and their once-prosperous country. The groups controlling Germany began to change during October and November 1918. More power began to fall into the hands of the people as they realised the blame for their involvement in the war was the Kaiser’s. People such as the armed soldiers, sailors and workers started protesting and going on strike. This was a far cry from before the war, when Germany was wealthy, proud and ambitious. So for a brief period, it seemed that a revolution would take place, with the people of Germany wanting a social and political revolution. The Social Democrats were the leading party during and after the fight to remove the Kaiser from his powerful position. They were greatly influenced by the Elite, the rich Germans they thought essential to the prosperity of Germany. They recruited armed forces, the Freikorps, to aid them in controlling those opposing their ideas and policies. The Social Democrats often associated themselves with the Bolsheviks, one half of the Social Democrats that leaded the Russian Revolution the year before. But when it came down to it, the Social Democrats weren’t in favour of a change in government, and they believed â€Å"getting rid of the Kaiser was the end of the revolution† (Lacey and Shephard, 2002, p.13). The fact that there was a revolution wasn’t true, because no groups had actually wielded great power over the rest of Germany, and they hadn’t established any kind of government system. The Kaiser’s abdication, initiated by the Social Democrats, should have started a change, but instead it just made way for their party to gain control.

Personality Assessment Essay

Personality is the set of emotional qualities and ways of behaving that makes a person different from other people, (Merriam-Webster, 2014). My personality is something that I have had since birth. It defines who I am and how others view me. Some people have outgoing personalities while others prefer to stay home or in other quiet places. I have always been a person that enjoys seclusion. After taking the Jung Typology Test, I now understand my personality. This test has helped me to define my strengths as well as my weaknesses which will help me in my academic career. My personality type is INTJ. I am 78% introvert, 25% intuitive, 12% thinking, and 56% judging, (www.humanmetrics.com, 2011). I found the test to be accurate and agreed with the results. Introverts are perfectionists that have a high level of confidence. Most introverts are logical thinkers that open their minds to all possibilities. â€Å"INTJs are ideal people. They think anything is possible and everything is negotiable, (www.humanmetrics.com, 2011). I possess this introvert quality. I believe that there are always exceptions to rules. As a student, the introvert trait can be very useful to me. I like to be isolated from noise, so this can be helpful for reading course materials and studying. I can use my introvert’s problem solving skills to work through difficult tasks. Being an introvert also allows me to use my vivid imagination. This can be helpful when writing papers and doing projects. â€Å"Students are expected to work in groups in traditional classrooms and the o nes that prefer to work alone are considered outliners or a problem, (Cain, 2012). As an online student my introvert trait will allow me to focus on my studies because I can work alone in my comfort zone. In addition to being an introvert, the test revealed that the next highest trait I possess is judging. Judging can be very beneficial to my academic success. This trait will allow me to make good decisions and keep me organized. â€Å"INTJs are perfectionists with a seemingly endless capacity for improving upon anything that takes there interests, (www.humanetrics.com, 2011). Being a perfectionist will help me as a student. Perfectionism will help me complete assignments that contain quality information. My third highest trait is being intuitive. Being intuitive can be challenging for me as a student. Most people that have the intuitive trait hate the normal day to day routine. I am one of those people. I like to be challenged in new ways on a regular basis. Because I am attending school online, this will allow me to be flexible with my schedule and change things up a little. Overall, I agreed with the results from the Jung Typology Test. It gave me an explanation of why I do the things that I do. My introvert trait allows me to be in touch with my thoughts and feelings and this helps me to explore with my imagination. My judging trait helps me make logical decisions. My intuitive trait helps me to prepare for the future. This is who I am and I wear the INTJ badge proudly. References Cain, Susan (2012). The Power of Introverts. Retrieved from http://digital.films.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=52957 Jung Typology Test (2011) Retrieved from, http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JungType.htm. Merriam-Webster (2014). Personality. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/personality

Falling And Getting Up Health And Social Care Essay

The writers explained that increasing in age ( ageing ) is associated with hazard of falling and inability to acquire up when fell. They besides reported the complications linked with lying on the floor for long clip. In add-on, they stated that inability to acquire up carried hapless forecast with respects to hazard of hurt in subsequent autumn, admittance to infirmary and eventually mortality. Aims They stated the aims of this survey and this can be found in the first paragraph under the abstract subdivision. These include ; 1. To depict the incidence and extent of lying on the floor for a long clip after being unable to acquire up from a autumn among people aged over 90. 2. To research their usage of call dismay system in such fortunes as stated in ( 1 ) above. Study design Cohort study-the exposure is non clearly stated in the article but the hazards associated with it are ; ageing, terrible cognitive damage, serious hurt, inability to mount stepss, and admittances to the infirmary. The result is fall and inability to acquire up. This is an appropriate survey design as the writers were looking at a rare exposure and a comparatively common result ( autumn and inability to acquire up ) .In add-on, they were looking at more than one result. Target population The mark population is the full staying endurance aged over 90, of a population based survey, the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort ( CC75C ) .However, it is hard to state from this article how representative these are over the whole Cambridge population since the entire figure of aged over 90 of the whole Cambridge community at the start of the survey is non known and it would hold been nice for the writers to province this. The response rate is however good as 84 % ( 110 ) of the participants took portion in the study and follow up. Study population-exposed Aged?90 old ages who were the staying subsisters of CC75C survey participants were used as the open persons in relation to the hazard factors and instance definition was evidently stated in the article but it is non cognize on which standard it is based on. Study population-unexposed The writers did non give any information about the unexposed group but we may presume that internal comparing method of cohort survey was used in which instance merely one cohort is studied. Therefore, aged?90 old ages subsisters of CC75C were besides used as the unexposed persons. Follow up The terminal of follow up was non clearly stated. In the method paragraph, the writers merely said that the participants were followed up for one twelvemonth or until decease if Oklahoman. It would hold been good if we were told the specific get downing day of the month and stoping day of the month in footings of yearss and months of the old ages. We were besides non state how they handled instances of participants that were transferred from either community or sheltered lodging to institutional scenes ( nursing place or infirmary ) as a consequence of demand for better direction. This may take to rising prices in the figure of falls recorded in institutional scenes. Ascertainment of result Falls, inability to acquire up and usage of dismay systems rates recorded were more subjective than nonsubjective in this survey and this is so since there was no dependable system for observing all the results. In add-on, the steps taken did non truly reflect what one would hold wanted them to. The result assessors and the participants excessively were non blinded to the exposure ; therefore we can non state that the results were accurately measured to minimise prejudice. However, falls reported by telephone with follow-up visit or phone call by undertaking nurse can be a small spot dependable. The above statement indicated some of the commissariats made to cover with possible prejudices in the ascertainment of the survey results. Exposure information The information about exposure was assumed to hold come from the participant themselves and other placeholder sources because we were non told if there was any database where the exposure information was got from ; for that ground, it is hard to state if the exposure was accurately measured. Furthermore, there are no clear cut definitions of hazard factors and/or confusing factors that may be linked to the results. Confusing factors The writers did non place any of import confounding factor perchance due to the survey design adopted. Howbeit, the writers missed some confounders like organic structure mass index, ataractic drug usage, intoxicant maltreatment and other carbon monoxide morbid conditions. Presentation of the consequences Descriptive statistics The research workers of this survey did a thorough occupation by explicating in inside informations the proportions of those who fell and that of falls in participants populating in the community, sheltered lodging and those in institutional scenes. It was observed that most people fell at least twice and that falls in the community scenes were more than in the other scenes. It was besides noticed that falls occurred more when the participants were entirely. In the same vena, per centums and proportions of inability to acquire up amongst participants were given in inside informations. It was noticed here that most people needed aid to acquire up after a autumn in all the scenes. Be that as it may, of all the reported falls ; it was found out that few people were seen lying on the floor for an hr or more. Sing those who fell instead than falls, it was inferred from the description by the writers that the proportion of those who fell was higher than those that did non. Furthermore, from the information provided by the writers ; it can be deduced that most participants had one signifier of call dismay systems but were mostly non used by them. The findings nevertheless as presented by the writers were non really clear, they are subjective and non in sufficient item to enable any reader to judge objectively as perchance more tabular arraies would hold been added to do them clearer. Furthermore, some findings are internally inconsistent ; illustration of this can be seen in the first statement made under the inability to acquire up subdivision which says everyone who fell in an institutional scene, 66 % ( 41/62 ) who fell in sheltered lodging, and 43 % ( 52/120 ) who fell in community scenes needed aid to acquire up after a autumn. The entire figure of participants in the sheltered lodging is 19 which are far less than 66 % of 62 quoted above. Similarly, the entire figure of participants in the community is 62 which are more than 43 % of 120, so the Numberss did non add up here. Statistical analyses-multivariate analysis scheme The writers adjusted for the undermentioned variables ( addition in age, sex, topographic point of abode, maximal walking distance, usage of walking assistance, cognitive damage, recalled falls in past twelvemonth, hurt sustained in falling, hospital admittances ) with regard to unable to acquire up without aid after?1 autumn on one manus and lying on floor for at least 1 hr after?1 autumn on the other manus by utilizing arrested development theoretical account in a individual block format to command for possible confounders between them. However, they failed to demo us the adjusted odds ratios with their 95 % assurance intervals which makes it to belie the rubric of the tabular array ( factors associated with inability to acquire up and lying on the floor for a long clip after autumn, with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ( 95 % assurance interval ) ) . Furthermore, it is non really clear whether the writers used an a priori hypothesis or non since merely the adjusted odds ratios were calculated in the survey. Consequences from the tabular array It was noted that unable to acquire up without aid after ?1 autumn has strong association with can non mount stepss or & A ; lt ; 1 flight/day OR 16.6 ( 95 % CI 3.1 to 87.7 ) and autumn related infirmary admittance OR 21.1 ( 95 % CI 1.9 to 230.5 ) except for the broad assurance interval. Furthermore, lying on floor for at least 1 hr after ?1 autumn has strong association with terrible cognitive damage OR 8.1 ( 95 % CI 2.1 to 31.0 ) , serious hurt OR 4.2 ( 95 % CI 1.2 to 14.8 ) , serious OR 7.4 ( 1.3 to 41.1 ) and autumn related infirmary admittance OR 4.0 ( 95 % CI 1.3 to 12.3 ) . This implies that though the odds ratios are statistically important, the hazards estimations are weak and non precise. Furthermore, the absence of p-value in the analysis made this consequence non to be really dependable although the reading was done right from the available statistics. Discussion The writers summarized their survey reasonably good by stating us which factors have associations with the results of involvement but p-values were non stated to confirm the significance of the associations. There is handiness of call dismay systems for most of the participants but were frequently non used by them when they should hold. They failed to compare the consequences of the survey with those from old surveies except that they mentioned what is already known on the subject and what this survey adds to what is already known. Overall, the survey is relevant and addressed most of the inquiries raised by the methods and consequences. The value of this paper to a local authorization responsible for planning services for the aged in United Kingdom Though the consequences of this survey may non be really dependable due to absence of p-value to buttress the significance of the associations between the explanatory variables and the result variables, it has got some information that may be of practical usage to a United Kingdom ( UK ) local authorization responsible for be aftering services to the aged. First, happening of association between cognitive damage and lying on the floor for a long clip suggests the demand for the development of automatic autumn sensors that do non necessitate the wearer triping them and this could cut down the extent of clip spent on the floor and its effects. Besides, reported restrictions with mobility were strongly associated with being unable to acquire up after falling and this suggests that those at hazard can be readily identified for preventive enterprise like preparation in how to acquire up which UK local authorization can direct policy toward. Furthermore, findings of widely handiness of alarm systems but with rare use by the participants due to some moral issues put frontward the demand for attitudinal alteration instruction of them which could be designed by the planning authorization. Interventions to forestall autumn in the aged in UK. Background Falls amongst elderly remain a major public wellness job in the UK. They are a chief cause of unfitness and are the taking cause of decease ensuing from hurt in the aged people in UK. ( 1 ) In add-on, over 400,000 aged people attend accident and exigency unit following accidents in England and about 14,000 people die yearly as a effect of osteoporotic hip break. ( 2 ) There is hence blazing grounds that falls have impact on wellness, quality of life and wellness attention costs. Furthermore, aged people have higher hazard of inadvertent hurts that result in hospitalization or mortality than any other age group. ( 3 ) The chief issue of concern is non merely the high incidence of falls in aged people since kids and jocks have high incidence of falls but alternatively, the combination of high incidence and a high susceptibleness to hurt. ( 4 ) Furthermore, there were about 647,721 accident and exigency attendings and 204,424 admittances to hospital for autumn related hurts in UK population of aged ?60 old ages in 1999. ( 1 ) The cost deduction of these falls to National Health Service and Personal Service Society was & A ; lb ; 908.9 million and 63 % of these costs were spent on falls in aged?75 old ages. ( 1 ) This reappraisal will therefore discuss grounds to two effectual intercessions that have been proved to cut down the hazard of falling and autumn in aged people. The outstanding grounds for the effectivity of intercessions to forestall falls in the aged should come Forth from big and good conducted randomised controlled tests, or from the meta-analysis of little trials. ( 5 ) Systematic reappraisals of some surveies that have been carried out in the yesteryear revealed that some intercessions are effectual while others are non. The extent and magnitude of their effectivity besides vary from one another. Some have besides been found to be effectual merely if used in combination with other types. In add-on, the continuance of effectivity of some are short while some have complications attributed to them. In most of the surveies reviewed, multifactorial hazard appraisal and direction was found to be effectual. Multifactorial hazard appraisal and direction can be described as a focussed station autumn appraisal programme or systematic hazard factor testing amongst persons at hazard of autumn tied to recommendations of intercessions and follow up for hazards undetected. ( 6 ) These appraisal and direction are performed by wellness attention professionals with equal accomplishments and experience on aged people who present for medical attending because of autumn, or study recurrent falls late or show abnormalcies of pace and balance. ( 6 ) The appraisals include the followerss ; History taking for autumn designation Gait, balance, mobility and musculus failing appraisal Osteoporosis hazard appraisal Appraisal of cognitive damage and neurological scrutiny Home jeopardies appraisal Fear associating to falling and perceived functional ability appraisal Examination of cardiovascular system and medicine reappraisal Any of the above one time detected is managed medically or surgically as deemed tantrum to forestall falls. Another intercession that was found to be effectual in most of the surveies reviewed is exercise programmes. Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fittingness and overall wellness. ( 7 ) The constituents of exercising programme that have been proved to be effectual for aged people include balance exercising, flexibleness, endurance and strength exercising ( musculus beef uping ) . ( 8 ) The exercising should nevertheless be separately prescribed and monitored by an adequately trained professional. ( 5 ) It has been said that programmes which contain two or more of these constituents cut down falls and figure of people falling enormously. ( 8 ) Evidences to back up their effectivity from the surveies every bit good as the consequences Searchs were undertaken in the Cochrane library for secondary grounds on intercession for bar of autumn in aged. Most recent reappraisals on the subject gettable within the clip frame of this study were selected for assessment. One recent Cochrane reappraisal specifically addressed effects of intercessions to cut down the incidence of falls in older people populating in the community. ( 9 ) This reappraisal included 111 tests carried out in 15 states. Based on these surveies the followers were reported: Multifactorial hazard appraisal and direction Decrease in rate of falls ( rate ratio=RaR 0.75, 95 % ( assurance interval=CI 0.65 to 0.86 ) but non in hazard of autumn decrease ( comparative risk=RR ) . ( 9 ) RR 0.82, 95 % CI 0.72 to 0.94 and monthly RaR 0.63, 95 % CI 0.49 to 0.83. ( 10 ) RR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.64 to 0.96. ( 11 ) Adjusted comparative hazard ( ARR ) 0.82, 95 % CI 0.72 to 0.94. ( 12 ) RR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.73 to 0.97 for hazard of falling and pooled incident ratio of 0.65, 95 % CI 0.49 to 0.85. ( 13 ) Exercise programmes Multiple-component group exercising caused decrease in rate of falls and hazard of falling ( RaR 0.75 95 % CI 0.71 to 0.86 ; RR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.72 to 0.97 ) , Tai qi is a signifier of exercising practised by the Chinese ( RaR 0.63, 95 % CI 0.52 to 0.78 ; RR 0.65, 95 % CI 0.51 to 0.82 ) , and separately prescribed multiple-component place base exercising ( RaR 0.66, 95 % CI 0.53 to 0.82 ; RR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.61 to 0.97 ) . ( 9 ) RR 0.86,95 % CI 0.75 to 0.99 ; but non for rate with RaR 0.86,95 % CI 0.73 to 1.01. ( 10 ) RR 0.82,95 % CI 0.70 to 0.97. ( 14 ) ARR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.75 to 0.99. ( 12 ) All the consequences quoted above caused decrease in either hazard of falling ( RR & A ; lt ; 1 ) or rate of falling ( RaR & A ; lt ; 1 ) . In add-on, the assurance intervals are non broad doing the consequences to be dependable. However, exercise if non monitored by a professional or adequately prescribed can be harmful. The intercessions discussed above are likely traveling to be helpful in the oldest aged ( those 90 old ages and above ) due to the fact that all the surveies reviewed were fundamentally done on elderly 65 and over and none placed upper bound to the age scope. In add-on, multifactorial hazard appraisal and direction and exercising programmes reduced the hazards and rate of falling as evidenced by decrease in the RaRs and RRs of the surveies reviewed and should hence be included in falls bar programmes. The lone state of affairs where they may non work is if there is associated dementedness. Other intercessions like taking vitamin D addendums, environmental alterations in places, instruction programmes, and medicines optimizations have non yet been shown to be effectual.

Free Essays on Female’s Sexuality

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Human psychological adaptations Essays

Human psychological adaptations Essays Human psychological adaptations Paper Human psychological adaptations Paper Another method of analysing human psychological adaptations has employed more traditional psychological tests. For example, in assessing human parental investment, German researchers, Euler Weitzel (1996 in Gaulin, 1997) asked people to rate on a seven-point scale how much each of their grandparents had cared for them during childhood. They found a pronounced matrilateral bias, with maternal grandmothers being the most caring and paternal grandfathers being the least. Clearly, this type of research falls prey to the usual confounding factors, but its benefits are that it falls within accepted empirical paradigms and that it is based on humans, rather than a leap having to be made from non-human species to human behaviour. In terms of mate choice, Miller (1997) attacks the recent trend for simply cataloguing sexual cues. He seems to claim that this approach is too simplistic and puts too much emphasis on physical characteristics rather than behavioural cues. He also claims that there has been no attempt to model the cognitive mechanisms of human mate choice and to this end suggests the way forward for this area of research, to arrive at a normative idea of human sexual behaviour.  The accumulated evidence to explain levels of maternal and paternal evidence has come from the following varied sources, each has contributed much to body of evidence regarding paternal investment but each study must be evaluated in terms of its ecological validity and normal experimental confounding factors. An analysis of the correlation between inheritance and the probability of paternity resulted in the statement that paternity probability must be slightly below 0.5 (0.46 actually) before a man would realise an evolutionary benefit by refocusing his investment on sisters sons rather than wifes sons (Hartung, 1985 in Gaulin, 1997, p. 201). This is an example of a within-species, contemporary, cross-cultural study. Another correlational analysis has found a relationship between lower infant and child mortality rates and paternal investment. However, it is likely that an underlying factor of assortative mating means that higher quality males mate with higher quality females and so offspring have a higher chance of survival (e.g. Geary, 1997; Parker Simmons, 1996 in Geary, 2000). Studies of hunter-gatherer societies (pre-industrial societies presumably being closer, socially and ecologically to ancestors) have confirmed the hypothesis that higher levels of paternal investment results in lower mortality rates (Geary, 2000). An example of this type of study was a study of the San people of Botswana who were found to have a very high maternal investment and little paternal investment. Though they are hunter-gatherers it must be noted that they have evolved and may not represent the hunter-gathering way of life of progenitors (Plomin, DeFries and McClearn, 1980). Research on how human behaviour has evolved in terms of mating and parenting has seen the gamut of psychological research from comparative methods to cross-cultural correlational studies. But while research methods have changed, in fact the theories of these factors of behaviour have not Darwins theories are still valid. Individuals, through evolution, have been ingrained with genes that benefited their reproductive success. That is, their mating behaviour, mate choice and parental investment have evolved so that individuals are programmed to reproduce effectively. References Cartwright, J. (2000). Evolution and Human Behaviour. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.  Sherry, D. F. (1997). Cross Species comparisons. In Ciba Foundation Symposium. Characterizing Human Psychological Adaptations. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd.  Geary, D. C. (2000). Evolution and Proximate Expression of Human Paternal Investment. In Psychological Bulletin, 126 (1), 55-77.  Gleitman, H. et al. (1999). Psychology. 5th Ed. New York London: W. W. Norton Company.

Air Pollution Essay Example for Free (#6)

Air Pollution Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? Air pollution caused by vehicles has been identified as the largest contributor to air pollution in the world. Air pollution caused by vehicles is when the burning of fossil fuels to power our vehicles gives off CO2 emission. This pollution by vehicles also produces toxic substances such as sulfur dioxide and carbon which can be fatal to humans. Air pollution also comes from industry as this source of pollution spews particulate matter and chemicals into the atmosphere. The output from factories includes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and dioxide. Almost all of Earth’s atmosphere or ecosystem has been altered by the long-term effects of pollution by industries. Power plants are also another reason to blame for air pollution. They spread gases that thickens the atmosphere, causing the heat to be blocked from exiting to space. The gases are heavy, and comes down to the ground causing pollution One of the power plants that gives out the most pollution is the power plant that is fired by coal. Coal burning is a leading cause of smog, acid rain, and toxic air pollution. Not only that, it also causes the greenhouse effect and holes in the ozone layer. Health Effects Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly. Air pollution also effects the human cardiovascular system as the inhalation of air pollutants eventually leads to their absorption into the bloodstream and transport to the heart. Some pollutants may also directly cause functional alterations that affect the rhythmicity and contractility of the heart. Causes of water pollution. Factories play a major role in pollution the water. Wastes from factories include toxins, such as lead, mercury and other contaminants. These chemicals are very harmful and can lead to serious health hazards. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agricultural farms, homeowners lawns and roadsides are a threat to the natural water source. When the pollutants runoff into local streams or rivers or drained down into groundwater, they contaminate the water completely. Mining is also another reason for water pollution. Heavy metals and sulphur components which are buried in the earth are exposed during mining and during rainfall these toxic chemicals are exposed, which results in acid rain. Air Pollution. (2016, Nov 15).

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The recruitment process starts with the submission of resume regardless of the fact that the recruitment has started with walk in, employee referrals, advertising or others (Griffin & Moorhead, pp. 14-19, 2009). Shortlisted candidates get a chance to fill the application form, which then leads to a formal interview. Short listed applicants are called for a couple of more interviews (Fisher, Schoenfeldt & Shaw, pp. 301-305, 2005). The last interview, which is a group interview, then leads them to a management assessment centre. This is the point where the person has almost met all the requirements for passing the recruitment process. However, in order for finding out the right match in terms of job for the applicant, the individual has to go appear in several tests. They are Big Five personality tests, MBTI, IQ tests and others. Important here to note is that these are the requirements for new recruits, however, in case of recruitment for executive positions or rehiring, not all steps are followed (Mathis & Jackson, pp. 48-51, 2006). The legal requirements include the fact that the person should have a criminal history, must have the passport or identification of home country, work permit, proof of address, proof of date of birth, proof of educational achievement and certificates and others (Robbins & Judge, pp. 291-295, 2010). Programme for Training and Development Recruitment of the best available talent is never the guarantee of success. It was not only important to tell the employees what to do but at the same time, it is equally important to teach them how to do. Market leaders like Unilever spend more time in comparison to their competitors for training and developing their employees. Following is an example of professional training and development plan at Unilever (Fisher, Schoenfeldt & Shaw, pp. 301-305, 2005). Training and development at UniLever starts with needs assessment. Why training is important? What should be the contents of training? Who should be the target of training? What shall be the expectations in terms of benefits from the training? (Kleynhans, pp. 274-278, 2006) Questions similar to the above mentioned, remain the target of needs assessment. The second step is of instructional design where the focus remains on using the data gained in the first step and with the help of the same, complying, creating and deciding on the program content, exercises, activities, approaches and others (Cummings & Worley, pp. 68-69, 2008). Since this process requires a lot of investment in terms of time and energy, the third step is of validation where a small sample is tested. The fourth step is of the actual implementation of the program and at the fifth stage, the managers and heads of UniLever sit back to evaluate the success of the program (Bratton & Gold, pp. 510-512, 2001). Human Relations School and Motivation of Staff Experts such as ‘Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follet, Hawthorne Studies, Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGreg or’ (Hendry, pp. 84-86, 1995) and others remain as the founder of the human relations school of management. Most of these experts (Hendry, pp. 84-86, 1995) had disagreements with the ideas of Taylor and other advocates of

Ending Hunger in the Elderly Population in America Essay

Ending Hunger in the Elderly Population in America - Essay Example It is surprising to note that this problem is growing on a large scale in the United States of America that believed to be, the most powerful democracy in the world. Economists argue that this condition is specifically created by the inequity in the food distribution system of the country, and food insecurity is increasing at an exceptional rate, especially in the elder population (Nestle & Guttmacher, 1992). According to a survey conducted by Weill, (March 2008), a majority of the elderly population in the United States of America is suffering from malnutrition and food insecurity.He proposed that a solution lies in developing a better food distribution network in the United States of America which should provide food according to the needs of the individual and/or family irrespective of race, religion, or age. This solution is the most logical one based on an observation registered by (Pothukuchi & Kaufman), 1998, that points out a deficency in the food distribution system in the U nited States of America. The growing phenomenon of hunger is also causing the health standards of elders to drop significantly. The underlying fact is that the medications require healthy food intakes to maintain their effectiveness, although, elders are being provided with high quality medicines by federal agencies, but these people need healthy food. During the medical treatment, these medicines make a human body weak, for this reason, the body needs healthy and ample amount of food to survive to fight this weakness caused by medicines. But, at the same time most of the government policies to eliminate hunger are proving to be a mere lip service, many multimillion projects are not implemented to their full potential (Notz, 1971). These failed projects to eliminating hunger in elderly population is causing level of frustration in the general public of US, but the government is also facing a severe deficit in the city of New York alone, therefore, governmental financial resources ar e bearing high pressures regarding fulfilling the needs of public. Inavailability of food for elderly population is forcing them to forego at least one meal each day to fulfil their other necessities such as housing and insurance, this trend is also contributing towards making a bad condition worse in relation to the food supply for elderly population (Gomez & Ranney, 2002). Many researchers are of the view that, elders should be trained in such a way which could help therm in becoming useful members of the society, but this point of view is not a realistic one, because with the increase in age the mobility and strength of an individual is compromised rendering a person unable to work actively. Thus, it is the responsibility of federal government to work for the welfare of these people. On the other hand, international organizations, including UN, are playing a significant role in attempting to eliminate the hunger peoblem; however, their effort is less than effective, because, thes e organizations provide aid to the local government and cannot interfere in the internal affairs of a country. Due to this reason, local government utilizes these fundings in an unjust method, so these international organizations should be empowered to manage and implement these hunger elimination programs by themselves. NGOs of all kind are more than interested in their profitability, therefore human compassion is

Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Research Paper

Validity and Reliability; Which is More Important in Today's High Stakes Testing - Research Paper Example While high-stakes testing may return similar outcomes in the tests of different students, which is an element of reliability, one might wonder whether it is reliability that America really needs. In this regard, it is necessary to examine the validity, where this paper proposes that validity is more important as far as this testing approach is concerned. Validity has been defined as the extent to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. If a test is valid, it measures exactly what it is meant to measure as purely as not to, by chance, influence any other factors. With validity, focus is not precisely on the scores measured, but on the inferences that one is able to deduce from the instruments. As such, the inferences made from a valid test are supposed to be â€Å"suitable, meaningful, and useful† (Lang & Wilkerson, 2008). This is the complex link that sheds clean light on the clear distinction between validity and reliability. In other words, as one would infer, it is possible for a testing instrument to measure something apart from the construct that it was supposed to measure, and do it reliably. On the other hand, a measure that is not reliable can never be said to be valid. In this light, reliability is quite necessary a measure, but it is quite inadequate in relation to validity – a valid instrument, therefore, has to be reliable, which a reliable instrument does not have to be valid. In testing, it is a common understanding that based on the aforementioned relationship, violations of validity are expected to have more severe impacts, as compared to reliability. One would, therefore, agree that validity is more complex and important an instrument that reliability and is less understood compared to the latter. In addition, it cannot be substantiated by any one statistic. Having mentioned that, it is important to discuss the important

Requirement Specification Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Requirement Specification - Case Study Example Due to the increasing requests of people involved in the preparation of question papers, the School is considering the computerization of the process to improve the current system by addressing the issues associated with it, while meeting quality assurance requirements in the preparation of question papers. The Examination and Conferment Unit (ECU) is a department at the Academic Registry of Oxford Brookes University which provides services to the entire university related to examinations, award certificates and conferment of awards, and award ceremonies (Brookes, 2007). The ECU has prepared Guidelines for Examination Paper Preparation and Submission (Appendix 1). At the beginning of each semester, the ECU sends the examination paper template (Appendix 2) to all module leaders in the different academic schools of Brookes, who have an examination at the end of the semester. The template is a Word document which has been laid out to comply with the University's approved format for examination papers. Upon completion of examination paper preparation by the different schools, a camera-ready hard copy of the papers along with additional exam materials such as case studies and formula sheets, should be submitted to the ECU, either by hand or using the secure pouch system. Fiona Parker is the Academic Programmes Administrator at the School of Technology. She is also the designated exam secretary and holder of the secure pouch system at the School. She prepares the TE01 and TE02 forms (Appendix 3,4,5,6) for modules that have examination and modules that only have coursework as assessment, respectively, for distribution to the module leaders at the beginning of the semester and collected together with the papers or coursework schedules. The forms are word documents which work with an excel spreadsheet in a mail merge operation (Appendix 7) which Fiona Parker needs to complete using a tedious manual process (Appendix 8). Generally, a module is taught by more than one member of the teaching staff and because of this, a question paper for a particular module is prepared by more than one member. It is the responsibility of the module leader to put together all the questions prepared by the individual members of the teaching staff. This process is tedious for the module leader as it involves collecting copies of the questions from individual staff members who currently use different editing tools or different formatting. The module leader has to re-work the formatting of the question papers so that it meets the requirements set by the ECU. When the module leaders have completed the initial preparation of question papers and solutions for each module they are responsible for, they complete the sections they are responsible for in the TEO1 and TEO2 forms. The document sets are then passed to the internal checkers in the School of Technology. The internal checkers check the papers, complete the sections they are responsible for in the TEO1 and TEO2 forms and send their comments and suggestions back to the module leaders. The module leaders then disseminate the commented documents to the individual members of the teaching staff who prepared the initial documents for them to make necessary the necessary amendments. The amended documents are then returned to the module leaders who will need to again go through the process of putting together the

Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to Essay

Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to promote its brand in an international level due to its newnes - Essay Example The company entered smart phone market with Galaxy S (sub brand of Galaxy) to compete with market leaders, such as Apple. The company within next two years slowly expanded the product portfolio under Galaxy brand name. Product portfolio of Samsung Galaxy brand can be described in the following manner. Galaxy S Galaxy S 2 & S 3 Galaxy Note Galaxy Tab Galaxy Ace Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Tab Samsung Galaxy S series is complemented with Android operating system. In the initial phase the company implemented latest hardware technology to improve performance of the phone. The company promoted the product with triplet unique selling proposition: Multimedia phone with latest application Slim and trendy look (thickness of 9.91mm) Unique design with feeling of human touch Branding Assessment Consumer’s perception about the brand In recent years Samsung Galaxy shows strong brand association among customers. Customers believe the Galaxy brand has revamped the traditional image of Samsung by imp lementing unique design and technical application in the brand. Customers prefer to work on wide touch screen of Galaxy phones. Corporate Decisions The company has increased product line periodically after the first launch of Galaxy phone. The company takes help of above the line promotion to promote the brand. In the press release Galaxy brand emphasizes on product specification to attract customers. Corporate Activities Management of the company has taken decision to push the brand further and introduced low priced smart phones in the developing countries. (Source: Author’s Creation) Steps Undertaken by Management In the initial stage many critics pointed out that Galaxy would not be successful venture in a market dominated by Apple. Customers criticized Galaxy phones due to their caught in between nature (First model of Galaxy S was somewhere between tablet and smart phone due to its absurd size). Management has taken to steps to modify the phone by increasing screen size and application in their Galaxy S2 model. In the smart phone segment Apple was the leader and Samsung classified as new player in the segment. Customers accustomed with smart phone usage has raised question over display of the phone and rejected it. Management took the rejection as challenge and changed their research and development model to overcome initial problems. People have rejected initial models of Galaxy due to its unstable quad-core processor. Quad core processor of Galaxy was working slowly in comparison to Apple’s iPhone. The company has increased processor speed by increasing Ram memory in their next models. No one can deny that initial models of Galaxy smart phones were associated with cheap and plastic look and that is the main reason why people rejected initial models. The company is still working on that issue and with their all new metallic Galaxy S III they have somewhat sorted out the problem. Research & development team has designed new models with polyc arbonate material to enhance the look of the product. iPhone users criticized Galaxy smart phone due to poor wireless connectivity and slow media file sharing while Galaxy has answered back critics with their modified models. In the initial stage people were confused about applicability of Samsung Galaxy smart phone, and the company has not tried sufficiently to clear out confusion in the mind of customers. Brand image of Apple as smart phone maker was already established when Samsung

Project Stakeholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Stakeholders - Essay Example (Freeman, 1984, p. 46). Within the project, it is possible to identify two main groups of stakeholders: internal and external. Internal stakeholders include the project manager and nuclear scientists, engineers and technology professionals. Also, it is possible to assume that trades unions have a certain impact on labor relations. Following Freeman, the stockholder position can usually be expressed as a 'profit maximization' dictum. External stakeholders include the American society (citizens) and global community at large, military personal, Department of Defense, the state authorities, suppliers, regulators. The project management has a responsibility to all these and must structure its objectives to give each a measure of satisfaction. Employees responsibilities, as internal stakeholders: "cut across many departments. Human resources focuses mainly on recruiting, pay and benefits, training programs, employee appraisal systems, and similar concerns affecting all jobholders" (Lamb, Mckee 2005 7) Once the stakeholder map has been constructed for the project, the competing agendas can be anal

Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to Essay

Pick a brand, especially which has recently been in a challenge to promote its brand in an international level due to its newnes - Essay Example The company entered smart phone market with Galaxy S (sub brand of Galaxy) to compete with market leaders, such as Apple. The company within next two years slowly expanded the product portfolio under Galaxy brand name. Product portfolio of Samsung Galaxy brand can be described in the following manner. Galaxy S Galaxy S 2 & S 3 Galaxy Note Galaxy Tab Galaxy Ace Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Tab Samsung Galaxy S series is complemented with Android operating system. In the initial phase the company implemented latest hardware technology to improve performance of the phone. The company promoted the product with triplet unique selling proposition: Multimedia phone with latest application Slim and trendy look (thickness of 9.91mm) Unique design with feeling of human touch Branding Assessment Consumer’s perception about the brand In recent years Samsung Galaxy shows strong brand association among customers. Customers believe the Galaxy brand has revamped the traditional image of Samsung by imp lementing unique design and technical application in the brand. Customers prefer to work on wide touch screen of Galaxy phones. Corporate Decisions The company has increased product line periodically after the first launch of Galaxy phone. The company takes help of above the line promotion to promote the brand. In the press release Galaxy brand emphasizes on product specification to attract customers. Corporate Activities Management of the company has taken decision to push the brand further and introduced low priced smart phones in the developing countries. (Source: Author’s Creation) Steps Undertaken by Management In the initial stage many critics pointed out that Galaxy would not be successful venture in a market dominated by Apple. Customers criticized Galaxy phones due to their caught in between nature (First model of Galaxy S was somewhere between tablet and smart phone due to its absurd size). Management has taken to steps to modify the phone by increasing screen size and application in their Galaxy S2 model. In the smart phone segment Apple was the leader and Samsung classified as new player in the segment. Customers accustomed with smart phone usage has raised question over display of the phone and rejected it. Management took the rejection as challenge and changed their research and development model to overcome initial problems. People have rejected initial models of Galaxy due to its unstable quad-core processor. Quad core processor of Galaxy was working slowly in comparison to Apple’s iPhone. The company has increased processor speed by increasing Ram memory in their next models. No one can deny that initial models of Galaxy smart phones were associated with cheap and plastic look and that is the main reason why people rejected initial models. The company is still working on that issue and with their all new metallic Galaxy S III they have somewhat sorted out the problem. Research & development team has designed new models with polyc arbonate material to enhance the look of the product. iPhone users criticized Galaxy smart phone due to poor wireless connectivity and slow media file sharing while Galaxy has answered back critics with their modified models. In the initial stage people were confused about applicability of Samsung Galaxy smart phone, and the company has not tried sufficiently to clear out confusion in the mind of customers. Brand image of Apple as smart phone maker was already established when Samsung

Marine Phytoplankton Essay Example for Free

Marine Phytoplankton Essay Phytoplankton From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. The name comes from the Greek words cpur?v (phyton), meaning plant, and TIXay? «?q (planktos), meaning wanderer or drifter. [l] Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence f chlorophyll within their cells (although the actual color may vary with the species of phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of accessory pigments such as phycobiliproteins, xanthophylls, etc. ). Contents [hide] * 1 Ecology * 2 Aquaculture * 3 Blooms * 4 See also * 5 References * 6 External links [edit] Ecology Phytoplankton are the foundation of the oceanic food chain. Of these, the best known are dinoflagellate genera such as Noctiluca and Dinophysis, that obtain organic carbon by ingesting other organisms or detrital material. The term phytoplankton encompasses all photoautotrophic microorganisms in quatic food webs. Phytoplankton serve as the base of the aquatic food web, providing an essential ecological function for all aquatic life. However, unlike terrestrial communities, where most autotrophs are plants, phytoplankton are a diverse group, incorporating protistan eukaryotes and both eubacterial and archaebacterial prokaryotes. There are about 5,000 species of marine phytoplankton. [8] There is uncertainty in how such diversity has evolved in an environment where competition for only a few resources would suggest limited potential for niche differentiation. [9] In terms of numbers, the most important groups of phytoplankton include the diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, although many other groups of algae are represented. One group, the coccolithophorids, is responsible (in part) for the release of significant amounts of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere. DMS is converted to sulfate and these sulfate molecules act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing general cloud cover. In oligotrophic oceanic regions such as the Sargasso Sea or the South Pacific Gyre, phytoplankton is dominated by the small sized cells, alled picoplankton, mostly composed of cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus) and picoeucaryotes such as Micromonas. [edit] Aquaculture Diagrams of some typical phytoplankton. Main article: Algaculture Phytoplankton are a key food item in both aquaculture and mariculture. Both utilize phytoplankton for the feeding of the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater. In aquaculture, phytoplankton must be obtained and introduced directly. The plankton can either be collected from a body of water or foodstock for the production of rotifers[10], which are in turn used to feed other organisms. Phytoplankton is also used to feed many varieties of aquacultured molluscs, including pearl oysters and giant clams. The production of phytoplankton under artificial conditions is itself a form of aquaculture. Phytoplankton is cultured for a variety of purposes, including foodstock for other aquacultured organisms[10], a nutritional supplement for captive invertebrates in aquaria. Culture sizes range from small-scale laboratory cultures of ess than 1 L to several tens of thousands of liters for commercial aquaculture[10]. Regardless of the size of the culture, certain conditions must be provided for efficient growth of plankton. The majority of cultured plankton is marine, and seawater of a specific gravity of 1. 010 to 1. 026 may be used as a culture medium. This water must be sterilized, usually by either high temperatures in an autoclave or by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, to prevent biological contamination of the culture. Various fertilizers are added to the culture medium to facilitate the growth of plankton. A culture must be aerated or agitated in some way to keep plankton suspended, as well as to provide dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. In addition to constant aeration, most cultures are manually mixed or stirred on a regular basis. Light must be provided for the growth of phytoplankton. The colour temperature of illumination should be approximately 6,500 K, but values from 4,000 K to upwards of 20,000 K have been used successfully. The duration of light exposure should be approximately 16 hours daily; this is the most efficient artificial day length[10]

Approaches to Strategic International HRM (ISHRM)

Approaches to Strategic International HRM (ISHRM) Managers are not aware of the severe consequences treating their employees like that? Is it because of a deficit in managing people within an opposed cultural working environment or is it because of an inconvenient HRM strategy? Skinner, B. (1971) argued, that people are simply a product of the stimuli they get from the external world. Interestingly, negative reinforcement causes behavioral change in undesirable ways, whereas positive reinforcement causes rather intended change. General management is therefore not only accountable for defining such stimuli according the corporate strategy, but also its degree of involvement is a prerequisite for a successful HRM (Baron, J. Kreps, D., 1999). What difference does it actually make to augment the word international to HRM? Needless to say, as corporations globalize, HRM activities like HR-planning, staffing, developing, and retaining employees goes far beyond a national scope. Thus, IHRM broadly covers all issues related to the management of people in an international context (Stahl, G. Bj rkmann, I., 2007). Morgan (1986) developed a three-dimensional model of IHRM (Figure 1), which expose firstly the broad human resource activities of procurement, allocation and utilization, secondly the national or country categories involved in IHRM activities (host, home, other), and lastly three categories of employees of an international firm (HCNs, PCNs, TCNs). Morgan defines IHRM as the interplay among these three dimensions. Generally, IHRM involves the same activities as domestic HRM, for instance, procurement refers to HR planning and staffing; however, domestic HRM focuses only on activities within only one national boundary. Many firms underestimate the complexities involved in international operations, a nd there is some evidence to suggest that business failures internationally may often be due to poor management of HR (Desatnick, R. Bennett, M., 1978). Strategic International Human Resource Management in Multinationals Alfred Chandler highlighted once, structure follows strategy. Hence, a holistic  corporate strategy is not only based on a precise knowledge of internal and external factors  or can be measured along financial and non-financial KPIs. In fact, a sustainable corporate strategy must be a reference point towards every part of the value chain. Thereby, the functional-level is typically concerned with maximizing efficiency; and particularly the HRfunction addresses the question, Are the current HRM policies sufficient enough to support the strategy? Schuler, R. Jackson, S. (1987), took up Porter s framework of competitive strategies in order to develop a model of its idea in SIHRM (Figure 2). Their model concludes that business performance will increase, if HR policies mutually reinforce the firm s strategy. According to Dowling, P. Welch, D. (2005), MNEs operate in the context of worldwide conditions, including the external contexts of industry, nation, region and interorganizational networks and alliances. De Cieri and Dowling (1999) developed the model of strategic HRM in MNEs (Figure 3). The internal organizational factors are shown in order of most tangible to most intangible. Pointed out by Dowling, P. Welch, D. (2005), following developments in the literature, such as that of Taylor et al. (1996), (), the model suggests that there are reciprocal relationships between organizational factors, SHRM and multinational concerns and goals. For instance, HR activities such as expatriate management are influenced by both factors of procedures from in- and outside the company. Contrasting Two Approaches of Strategic International Human Resource Management Any convergence will be balanced by divergence (Harzing, A. Ruysseveldt, J., 2004). Its sound so simple, however, since MNEs globalize and their structure change rapidly, managers should decide upon two major issues; firstly, to which extent key decisions have to be made at the parent-country HQ or at the subsidiary units and secondly, which type of management control system the parent could execute in the subsidiary unit. Thus, the main distinction is whether to standardize or customize SIHRM. In case of standardizing SIHRM, the HQ decides upon HR policies and standards independently from their foreign subsidiaries. Forces towards standardization are mainly driven by the need for control and sustain of competitive advantage. Assuming that a generalized approach leads to conformity and unity among all employees, while neglecting cultural differences, the standardization may ensure adoption of corporate values und promotes the corporate strategy above national boundaries. However, the probability of a successful standardized approach depends very much on the openness of the foreign subsidiary to cohere, for instance, with the corporate work practices and cultural differences (Dowling, P. Welch, D., 2005). Since a standardized SIHRM approach is not only influenced by cultural differences that may facilitate resistance of the foreign subsidiary, Bae, J. Lawler, J. demonstrated (Figure 4) comprehensively which factors influence standardization of work practices (2000). Discussing issues about customization, the statement `Think global and act local pops up frequently. As customization of SIHRM considers the specific demands of the hostcountry, the involvement of foreign subsidiaries in managerial decisions is in comparison to a standardized SIHRM very high. By involving host management, parent firms should do both, acknowledge different cultural attitudes and take actions in order to incorporate them when feasible. Obviously, there is more than one correct way to manage people; thus, the HQ and the foreign subsidiary can gain from customization due to knowledge-sharing, resulting in cross-cultural learning. Another interesting point is the implication of corporate language. Even though, within most MNEs English is the corporate language, Marschan-Piekkari et al. puts it, companies do not have languages, people do. Therefore, language standardization in contrast to customization increases burden on foreign subsidiaries since being competent in the c orporate language is considered to be important for career development (Dowling, P. Welch, D., 2005). Conclusion Effective ISHRM is expected to assist the firm in achieving its goals and objectives. The managerial challenge for HRM is thereby not only the implementation of the corporate strategy, but also to define a meaningful balance between standardization and customization of its activities and policies. Heading for sustainable corporate values, MNEs should focus on managerial consistency. However, due to thinking global and acting local, they should not deny regional and cultural differences; rather heading for knowledge-transfer in order to  achieve a comparative advantage. Clearly, like Dowling, P. Welch, D. argued, while the global nature of the business may call for increased consistency, the variety of cultural environments may be calling for differentiation (2005). Reference List Baron, J. Kreps, D. (1999). Strategic Human Resources. John Wiley Sons: Hoboken Bae, J. Lawler, J. (2000). Organizational performance and HRM strategies in Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3): 502-517. Chandler, A. (1996). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Clavell, J. (1983). The Art of War: Sun Tzu. New York: Dell Publishing. Desatnick, R. Bennett, M. (1978). Human Resource Management in the Multinational Company. New York: Nicholson. Dowling, P. Welch, D. (2005). International Human Resource Management: Managing People in a Multinational Context. Toronto: Southwestern College Publishing. Morgan, P. V., International Human Resource Management: Fact or Fiction. Personnel  Administrator, Vol. 31, No. 9 (1986) p. 44. Skinner, B. (1971). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf. Stahl, G. Bj rkmann, I. (2007). Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Schuler, R., Dowling, P.J. de Cieri, H. (1993). An Integrative Framework of Strategic International Human Resource Management. Journal of Management, 19(2): 419 60. Schuler, R. Jackson, S. (1987). Linking competitive strategies and human resource  management practices. Academy of Management Executive, 1(3): 207-9. Taylor, S., Beechler, S. Napier, N. (1996). Toward an Integrative Model of Strategic International Human Resource Management. Academy of Management Review, 21(4): 959 86.

Thank You for Smoking? Essay -- Peter Brimelow Tobacco Essays

â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† Peter Brimelow brings to light an interesting idea in his essay â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† Brimelow’s purpose of his essay is to defend smoking. He provides the audience with information that is worthy of their consideration and valid enough to make them think twice about how they stand on the issue of smoking. Unfortunately, some flaws in Brimelow’s technique distract the audience from his message that smoking is not as unhealthy as it appears. A few mistakes transform his work from a well-written argumentative essay to an unsuccessful attempt to spread his beliefs. What started as an essay to rouse new views on the issue of smoking swiftly lost all merit and became a means to assail the people in opposition of the author’s views. Brimelow makes a gallant effort to prove his major claim, or main idea (McFadden). He wants to get the audience to concur with him that smoking is not an altogether unhealthy habit (Brimelow 141). However, mistakes in his essay begin with his major claim statement. When Brimelow writes that â€Å"smoking might be, in some ways, good for you† (141), he already puts doubts in the minds of the audience. Instead of feeling that the author is confident about his position on the subject, the audience picks up on the skepticism hidden in the words â€Å"might† and â€Å"some small ways.† Those qualifiers, or words and phrases that exclude some situations from his major claim (McFadden), leave the audience questioning who it is beneficial for and in what situations. Brimelow uses warrants, or peoples’ values (McFadden), to get them to coincide with his beliefs. Because Brimelow’s main claim is very disputable, he needs to find some way to catch the attention of the audience a... ... the mistakes he has made. When his audience looks back on the essay they have just read, his examples and facts about smoking that have been so keenly expressed will be unseen, because the focus will be on the unprofessional fallacies present in his work. In future works, it would be advantageous for Brimelow to be aware of these fallacies and to find a different means of approaching his rebuttal so that another strenuous effort will not be diminished into an unsuccessful attempt to disperse his beliefs. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter. â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston: Thomson Heinle, 1998. 141-143. Clark, Irene L. The Genre of Argument. Boston: Thomson Heinle, 1998. McFadden, James. Introduction to Toulmin Method. Lecture. Sept. 13 & 14, 2003. Buena Vista University. Storm Lake, IA.

Imagine a Brave New World Essays -- Brave New World

Imagine a Brave New World  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Imagine living in a world without mothers and fathers, a place in which all those around you are human clones with no personality, a vast array of people that are not seen as individuals but a social body. This society results from the absence of spirituality and family, the obsession with physical pleasure, and the misuse of technology. The society described above, becomes a reality in A Brave New World, a novel depicting how the advancement of science effects humanity. A Brave New World takes place in 632 A.F.(after Henry Ford, inventor of assembly lines), many years after civilization started to be controlled. Civilization is reconstructed into a new society after a global nine year war. The war was so brutal and tiresome, that the people decide to control the world's actions through means of science. The society predetermines human embryos to certain levels of intelligence, and chemically eliminates becoming sick or old. Children are placed in different castes to decide divisions in labor. The five castes are Epsilons, Betas, Gammas, Deltas and Alphas, with Alphas being the highest caste. To determine which caste they are placed in the children are given or denied certain skills and capabilities. The controllers rule the civilization though conditioning, behavioral engineering, and certain mind altering drugs called 'Somae'. The Ten controllers of the world states determine all the rules of the society. The societies dictorial government has chos en machinery, medicine and happiness over God. The citizens choose happiness and stability over freedom and individuality. Without sin and imperfection the citizens are nothing but robots in this Utopian world,a society built on b... ... dilemma in exchanging happiness for freedom and art to gain stability and control over the people of A Brave New World. A Brave New World is very enlightening and thought provoking as it talks about what it means to be human. The price that many people must give up in order gain absolute happiness and stability is freedom, love and religion, aspects of life too precious to omit. There is no war or disease to deal with, but the people don't have the chance to experience art, love and history. Through sacrificing and eliminating these aspects of life, a citizen is robbed of the opportunity to enjoy a well-rounded, mistake-making, lesson-learning, quality life. The aspired goal achieved from giving up freedom, love and religion seems appealing and rewarding, but the reality of the effects on humanity is proven devastating in Aldous Huxley's A Brave New World.   

Natural-Born

The U.S. Constitution, the supreme law of the land, has been one of the oldest Constitution in the world.   It is also regarded as one of the most stable because up to date there are only twenty-seven amendments done.   Of these twenty-seven, ten were ratified simultaneously while the others were ratified on different dates.   For more than two centuries, only these changes were made.   One reason for this is the rigid procedure of amendments.   The framers of the Constitution saw it fit that it would be better to have a strict and stiff procedure to amend the Constitution so that it will not be used as a tool for politics but rather a guide to a more civilized society. Due to the strict procedure of amendments, certain provisions in the Constitution constitute an impediment especially to those who aspire on becoming the President of the United States.   Article II provides for the qualification those eligible to run for presidency.   It provides that only natural born citizens are eligible for the presidency.   Due to this provision, many aspiring individuals who are qualified educationally, physically, emotionally are being barred to run for the main reason that they are not natural born citizens of the United States of America. As such, the natural born clause constitutes as an undue discrimination to citizens who seeks and aspire to be President of the United States of America.   There are some moves that seek to amend the discriminatory provision but such actions prove to be futile due to the strict procedure of amendment.   The natural born clause amounts to a discrimination among the citizens of the country.   This provision should then be amended to accommodate a wide variety of aspirants who are equipped with adequate knowledge and experience to run the government. The United States of America is undeniably composed of citizens from different culture, race, and ethnicity.   It has a diverse range of people.   From private institutions to government offices, there are different kinds of people that one would encounter.   There is no distinct race in a particular working environment.   Politics did not escape this diversity.   Different personalities hold even critical positions in government.   Although different in race or culture, this does not impair the effective and efficient discharge of their duties.   It does not constitute as a hindrance to interact with other people. Whether natural born citizen or not is beyond the issue.   Due to this, the natural born clause should not discriminate others.   As written in an article by John Dean, he mentioned that â€Å"The â€Å"natural born† clause is an inappropriate boundary on a nation built by immigrants, a purposeless limit on the American dream†.   He also added that the natural born clause is totally unnecessary and constitute â€Å"political wastage†. The Constitution should then be amended to realize the principle of political equality. Until the provision on natural born clause is amended, discrimination against non-natural born citizens will continue.   Political equality is one of the best ways to minimize, if not eradicate discrimination.   It could also be used as a tool to unite the differences among races and cultures.   It is a good indication that neither of the races and cultures are superior to the others. In drafting the Constitution, the framers thought that it would be better for them that the leader that will govern should be a bona fide American, meaning a person who is not only a citizen but should also be natural born.   This is to ensure his or her loyalty to the country and not just being an instrument by a foreign country.   They also do not want any foreign influence on the politics. This is what the framers of the Constitution had in mind when they drafted the provision.   However, they are not really aware about the bigger picture.   Ever since, the history of the United States cannot be separated with foreign elements.   The drafting of the Constitution is even influenced by European ideas and beliefs.   This disproves the mindset of the framers of the Constitution.   We cannot, however, blame them for that idea.   It is the nature of man to preserve the power within the race and culture.   Nevertheless, this creates certain drawbacks especially nowadays when most of the citizens are not natural born. Another point why the framers put the natural born clause is for the reason to prevent corruption from foreign government.   At first glance, it might seem to be a good point.   However, if we take a look into a deeper analysis, corruption from foreign government play a minor role.   Corruption in the government by foreign government cannot be dissolve, it can only be minimized.   This is the nature of politics.   Different elements come into play and one of which is influence by foreign elements.   As such, the natural born clause only seeks to minimize, if not eliminate the influence by foreign governments. Considering the abovementioned points, it is submitted that the Constitution, especially the natural born clause, be amended so as to allow other aspiring citizens to become the President of the United States of America.   As long as the aspirant possesses the other qualifications, there should be no other hindrance as to his candidacy in which he does not have any control.   As posited by Jefferson Morley, â€Å"eliminating the natural-born clause might expand the presidential talent pool and improve the contest. It would almost certainly foster a more ethnically diverse field of contenders†. Gathering from that line, it would create more choices to the voters on whom they would want to govern them.   It would also create a more competitive playing field among politicians to show that they truly deserve to be the President.   Being a citizen is a choice, but the place of birth cannot be chosen.   So to eradicate the political inequality, the Constitution should be amended to allow non-natural born citizens a chance to seek candidacy.   As mentioned by Dean, â€Å"[t]hese are not accidental Americans; rather, they are people who have chosen this country and its system because they love it and want to be part of it. Foreign-born Americans are often better citizens than those who take it all for granted, and they bring to the body politic the diversity that is our strength†. Works Cited Dean, John W., â€Å"The Pernicious â€Å"Natural Born† Clause of the Constitution: Why Immigrants Like Governors Schwarzenegger and Granholm Ought to be Able to Become Presidents†, http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20041008.html, October 8, 2004, April 3, 2008. Morley, Jefferson, â€Å"Natural-Born† Killer: Abolish the idiotic constitutional clause barring immigrants from the presidency†, http://www.slate.com/id/2079204/, February 25, 2003, April 3, 2008